Frank Manuel sifted through 700 Years of Christian study of Judaism. He found that even those scholars who could read the Hebrew missed out on what the Jews meant. If the phrase tradition 'Judeo-Christian tradition' is anything more than an ecumenical advertising slogan, the only tradition it possibly can refer to is one of Christian misunderstanding of Jews: This is the conclusion one is led to by Frank Manuel's 'The Broken Staff,' an account of 700 years of Christian intellectual pursuits in the field of Judaism from the late Middle Ages to the present.